PlantAdaptations


 * [[image:800px-Mossopolis.jpg width="339" height="349" align="right" caption="moss growing in forest"]]Plant adaptations: Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
 * information in book can be found in chapter 22 (p. 550-572)

mosses**
 * phylum: Byrophyta
 * well adapted to life in wet habitats
 * can grow in harsh environments
 * lack vascular tissues
 * dominant gametophyte stage


 * ferns**
 * phylum: Pterophyta
 * seedless
 * true vascular tissues
 * large leaves called fronds
 * spores found on underside of fronds
 * dominant sporophyte stage



seed plants divided into 2 groups- **gymnosperms** and **angiosperms

gymnosperms**
 * bear seeds directly on surface of **cones**
 * include gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and conifers [[image:gymnosperm.jpg width="373" height="235" align="right"]]
 * reproduce with seeds that are exposed
 * gymnosperm = "naked seed"


 * angiosperms**
 * unique reproductive organs- **flowers**
 * flowers attract animals (bees, moths, hummingbirds) that transport pollen from flower to flower
 * more effective than wind pollination of most gymnosperms
 * flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect seeds
 * angiosperms have **fruit**
 * animals eat & digest fruit and excrete seeds somewhere else- increases range plant inhabits
 * divided into monocots and dicots
 * woody and herbaceous stems
 * life spans: annual, bienniel, and perennial [[image:flower_parts.gif align="right" caption="parts of a flower"]]




 * Monocots**
 * 1 cotyledon
 * parallel venation
 * fibrous roots
 * flower parts in 3s
 * scattered vascular bundles


 * Dicots**
 * 2 cotyledons
 * pinnate or palmate venation
 * flower parts in 4s or 5s
 * vascular bundles arranged in ring
 * taproot